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Includes those assets that assist in the production or distribution of goods and services that firms themselves cannot easily provide. Infrastr ucture facilitates transport ation, communication, and financing. It includes basic research, which can enable firms to find better production t echniques. The gov ernment als o has a k ey role, bot h becaus e the g overnment affects the conditions under which firms do business (e.g., regulations) and because the government is a direct supplier of infrastructure (e.g., intersta te highways).
Infrastructure reduc es the costs associated with business transactions, thereby making these transactions feasible. Could have researched prices for the products he purchased regionally, nationally and even globally and then shipped them to the market with the lowest supply and highest prices. If farmers and retailers also had access to the Internet, factors like John Burrows would have become unnecessa ry. Local fac tors could have adv ertised the ir productio n on the I nternet, or sought out distant buyers without relying on factors to purchase their production and resell it. Likewise, retailers could have similarly sought out both supply of the goods they wished to sell and. It is possible that Chicago would still have emerged as a business center.
Hubs are still a useful part of distribution chains for products which need to be physically shipped. Although modern technology allows many products to be shipped directly from warehouses to individuals, many are still shipped in bulk for store sales. That said, it may be that if transportation and communication levels had been what they are today, there would have been fewer small companies needing transportation hubs.
Many large-scale manufacturing facilities may have organized to ship directly from their manufacturing plants or agriculture centers. Likely a location where highways intersect would be a better candidate now that trucking is a main form of transportation. A well-developed body of contract law makes it possible for transactions to occur smoothly when contracts are incomplete, while extensive transportation networks allow better coordination and faster flow of goods and services across geographic markets. Developing nations face weaknesses in both of these aspects of modern infrastructure.
Extensive vertical integration occurs in these countries because firms face extraordinar ily high transaction and coordination costs. To fully exploit production opportunities, firms needing to make significant sunk investments will also need a reliable supply of inputs and distributi on channels. The lack of contract law makes the. These changes in the nature of the firm and its m anagers caused problems and conflicts. Since there was little precedent for the rapid growth of firms at this time, growth of volume and expansion into new markets could easily lead to overexpansion and overcapacity. The development of internal controls needed for coordination and efficiency could easily turn into excessive bureaucrac y. The very skill that new profess ional m anagers exh ibit in g uiding the growth of the ir firms raises the problem of ensuring that these managers continue to work in the best interest of owners rather than for their own ends.
Ironically, these problems become particularly acute when management well-aligned with shareholder interests is most needed.